Learn the three verb groups, then practice masu, te, ta, nai and dictionary forms.
Let’s make sense of Japanese verbs!
Meet the three groups, then look at the endings. One small step at a time.
1What is a godan verb?
Japanese verbs fall into three main groups. Start with the dictionary form: the basic form you look up.
| Group | Japanese name | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Godan verbs | 書く、飲む、行く |
| Group 2 | Ichidan verbs | 食べる、見る、起きる |
| Group 3 | Irregular verbs | する、来る |
2Five vowel steps with 書く
Keep the first か. Change the final く to か · き · く · け · こ. That’s godan!
| Form | Japanese | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | 書く | write |
| Polite | 書きます | write (polite) |
| Negative | 書かない | do not write |
| Potential | 書ける | can write |
| Imperative | 書け | Write! |
| Volitional | 書こう | let’s write / I’ll write |
Notice it? The action is still “write”, but the final kana keeps changing.
A little extra: te, ta and conditional forms
書いて・書いた・書けば
Te and ta forms have sound changes. Don’t simply attach them to a vowel-step ending. The imperative is strong; just recognize it for now. You can practice potential and volitional forms later.
3Step 1: check the final kana
Set aside する, 来る and their compounds first. For other verbs, start with this picture.
A beginner’s shortcut. Check a dictionary when you meet an unfamiliar verb.
| Verb | Final kana | Group |
|---|---|---|
| 書く | く | Godan |
| 飲む | む | Godan |
| 話す | す | Godan |
| 買う | う | Godan |
| 待つ | つ | Godan |
| 遊ぶ | ぶ | Godan |
4Step 2: which vowel comes before る?
Ends in る? Look at the sound just before it. The two blue vowels are the ones to watch.
i / e + る → usually ichidan, but not always. Voiced kana follow the same vowels: べ is e.
| Verb | Sound before る | Result |
|---|---|---|
| 食べる | べ (e) | Ichidan |
| 見る | み (i) | Ichidan |
| 起きる | き (i) | Ichidan |
| 寝る | ね (e) | Ichidan |
| 帰る | え (e) | Exception: godan |
| 入る | い (i) | Exception: godan |
食べます・食べない
Remove る, then add an ending.帰ります・帰らない
An exception! Use the godan pattern.One more to remember: 入る → 入ります・入らない
取る(と:o)・作る(く:u)→ Godan。a / u / o + る is godan. There are more i / e godan exceptions than these two; verify new verbs.
Want the full kana vowel map? Open it here
| Row / vowel | あ a | い i | う u | え e | お o |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | あ | い | う | え | お |
| k | か | き | く | け | こ |
| s | さ | し | す | せ | そ |
| t | た | ち | つ | て | と |
| n | な | に | ぬ | ね | の |
| h | は | ひ | ふ | へ | ほ |
| m | ま | み | む | め | も |
| y | や | — | ゆ | — | よ |
| r | ら | り | る | れ | ろ |
| w | わ | — | — | — | を |
ん is separate from these five vowel columns.
5Step 3: two irregular verbs
Start with these two at N5. They have their own patterns.
する
do
しない
して
した
来る
come
来ない
来て
来た
| Dictionary | ます | ない |
|---|---|---|
| 勉強する | 勉強します | 勉強しない |
| 掃除する | 掃除します | 掃除しない |
| 持って来る | 持って来ます | 持って来ない |
Three things to take with you
No final る → godan, after setting aside irregulars. i / e + る → usually ichidan, with exceptions. する and 来る → learn separately.
4. Practice & progress
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